Penulis
Uplift pressure, which is also known as hydrostatic uplift, is an upward pressure applied to a structure that has the potential to raise it relative to its surroundings. It is the condition of greater pore water pressure than the overburden pressure of the structure.
The uplift pressure can be problematic if it is greater than the weight of the structure exerted downwards. ASCE 7-10, states that the upward pressure of water shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire area. The hydrostatic load shall be measured from the underside of construction.
The structure must be designed properly to provide greater resistance against uplift forces in order to prevent risks due to water pressure. So, the uplift pressure must be taken into consideration during the design stage since rehabilitation and maintenance of foundation cannot be carried out easily in the future.
The possibility of occurrence of this upward force on foundation should be check when the groundwater table is higher than the bottom of the foundation level. Due to the fact that hydraulic uplift pressure acts in an upward direction. Therefore, it reduces the downward weight of the structure and consequently, it acts against the stability of the structure.
How to Check for Uplift Pressure?
The weight of the substructure should be greater than uplift pressure in order to meet the requirements of applicable codes, i.e. summation of downward load per given area should be larger than that of the vertical load per given area.
The downward load should at least greater than 25% compared to the upward load due to hydrostatic load. The following expression can be used to check the occurrence of uplift force below the structure under considerations:
where:
Ø: mass reduction factor, can be taken as 0.90
W: the mass of the structure
w: the specific weight of water
h: height of the water from the water table to the bottom of the foundation
1: Factor of safety
Consequences of Uplift Pressure
- It reduces the effective weight of the structure.
- Endanger stability of the structure
Strategies for Prevention of Uplift Pressure
Dewatering procedure may help to control the water away from the construction site, but it cannot keep the dewatering the whole life span of the construction as it is not an economical move. There is a number of methods by which the influence of uplift pressure is avoided.
1. Toeing in the Foundation into the Surrounding Ground
When a substructure is built inside an open excavation or temporary cofferdam, the base slab or raft foundation can be extended outside perimeter to increase resistance to uplift.
The weight of backfill material on the tied-in foundation increases the weight of the structure against uplift pressure. This method is not feasible where a diaphragm or secant pile wall is used as a permanent retaining structure.
2. Increase Self-weight of the Structure
The self-weight of the building can be increased by increasing the size of the structural members. sometimes, the dead weight of the low-rise podium in a high-rise complex is increased by incorporating a rooftop garden with a thick soil fill.
3. Ground Anchors
Pre-stressed anchors can be used as a temporary measure to counteract uplift forces. Permanent application of ground anchors is limited by concerns about their long-term performance with respect to corrosion.
4. Piling Method
The piling method is the most effective method to resist Uplift pressure. Various types of piles are available to be used for countering uplift pressure based on soil condition and their necessity on site.
For instance, end-bearing pile, friction pile, un-reamed pile, sheet pile, tension pile, sand compaction pile. Table 1 presents different types of piles used to contain uplift pressure based on soil conditions.
Table 1 Types of Piles Chosen Based on Soil Conditions to Withstand Uplift Pressure
| Types of Pile | Suitable Types of Soil |
| End bearing pile | Used when bedrock or rocklike material is present at a site within a reasonable depth. Piles are extended to the rock surface. The ultimate bearing capacity of the pile based on the underlying material. |
| Friction pile | It is used in cohesionless soil in which the end bearing pile would be very long and uneconomical. The load on the pile is resisted mainly by skin/friction resistance along the side of the pile. The capacity of the pile is a function of the shaft area in contact with the soil. Friction piles are often used to increase the density and thus the shear strength of the soil. |
| Undreamed pile | It is used in black cotton soils, filled up the ground and other types of soils having poor bearing capacity. |
| Sheet pile | Sheet piles, which made of thin plates of concrete; timber; or steel, driven into the ground for separating members or stopping seepage of water. it is not constructed for carrying any vertical load. |
| Tension pile | Tension piles uplift piles anchor down the structures subjected to uplift pressure. |
| Compaction pile | It is driven in loose granular soil. |