The Power of Reversible Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Separating Hydrogen and Oxygen from Water

Introduction:

The quest for clean and sustainable energy sources has led to significant advancements in the field of hydrogen fuel cells. One of the key challenges in harnessing hydrogen as an energy carrier is the separation of hydrogen and oxygen gases from water. In recent years, reversible hydrogen fuel cells have emerged as a promising solution for this task. In this article, we will explore the workings of reversible hydrogen fuel cells and their role in efficiently extracting hydrogen and oxygen from water.

 

Understanding Reversible Hydrogen Fuel Cells:

 

Reversible hydrogen fuel cells, also known as reversible proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), are a variant of traditional PEMFCs. While conventional PEMFCs generate electricity from hydrogen gas, reversible fuel cells can operate in reverse mode, enabling the production of hydrogen and oxygen gases from water.

 

Mechanism of Action:

 

Reversible hydrogen fuel cells operate through a series of electrochemical reactions that take place within the cell. Let's dive into the detailed process:

1. Electrolysis Mode:

In the electrolysis mode, an external electrical current is supplied to the reversible fuel cell, initiating the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

• At the anode:

2H2O (liquid) → 4H+ (protons) + 4e- (electrons) + O2 (oxygen gas)

• At the cathode:

4H+ (protons) + 4e- (electrons) → 2H2 (hydrogen gas)

 

When the electrical current is applied, water molecules at the anode are oxidized, releasing protons (H+) and electrons (e-). The protons migrate through a proton exchange membrane to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit. At the cathode, the protons and electrons combine, resulting in the production of hydrogen gas.

2. Fuel Cell Mode:

 

During the fuel cell mode, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are supplied to the reversible fuel cell, which then generates electrical energy through the reverse reaction.

• At the anode:

2H2 (hydrogen gas) → 4H+ (protons) + 4e- (electrons)

• At the cathode:

O2 (oxygen gas) + 4H+ (protons) + 4e- (electrons) → 2H2O (liquid)

 

In this mode, hydrogen gas is oxidized at the anode, releasing protons and electrons. The protons migrate through the proton exchange membrane to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electrical power. At the cathode, oxygen gas combines with protons and electrons to form water.

Note: This animation from FREUDENBERG Youtube Channel will remove your confusion about Electrons migration and producing Electricity.

Efficiency and Advantages:

 

Reversible hydrogen fuel cells offer several advantages over traditional electrolysis methods for hydrogen production. Firstly, they are highly efficient, allowing for the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy (hydrogen) with minimal energy loss. Secondly, these fuel cells can be integrated with renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, enabling sustainable hydrogen production. Furthermore, reversible fuel cells provide the flexibility to switch between electrolysis and fuel cell modes, making them versatile for various applications.

 

Conclusion:

 

Reversible hydrogen fuel cells represent a significant leap forward in the field of hydrogen separation from water. By leveraging the principles of electrochemistry, these innovative cells enable the efficient extraction of hydrogen and oxygen gases. With their high efficiency and adaptability, reversible fuel cells hold great potential for a sustainable and clean energy future, providing an eco-friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based systems.

 

Once again, many thanks from ELBCAMPUS administration for providing us such an interesting subject with great practical methods.

 

Naeem Nekmal

Hamburg, Deutschland

June, 2023

Our Visit from IBA HAMBURG, Introduction and Purpose of this Innovative Building

IBA DOCK: A Hub of Innovation and Inspiration in Hamburg

Introduction:

The IBA DOCK not only houses the exhibition of the International Building Exhibition 2006-2013, but is also itself an exhibit of  innovative building and energy-saving technologies: the building is situated on an approximately 50-metre-long and 26-metre-wide concrete pontoon; the superstructures are made of steel in modular construction. This saves weight and makes it possible to remove a part of the superstructures in case of transport, so that the IBA DOCK can also navigate under low bridges. The IBA DOCK was designed by the Han Slawik Architectural Bureau in Hannover; the 10-month construction period was coordinated by the municipal development company ReGe Hamburg Projektrealisierungsgesellschaft (Project Realisation Company) mbH.

What is the purpose of the IBA HAMBURG?

1. A Center of Inspiration: IBA DOCK is a place where architects, urban planners, researchers, and enthusiasts come together to share knowledge and inspiration. The dynamic atmosphere encourages dialogue, fostering the exchange of ideas that push the boundaries of architectural and urban design. Whether through exhibitions, workshops, or conferences, IBA DOCK sparks creativity and fuels innovation.

2. Architectural Exhibitions: The exhibition spaces at IBA DOCK showcase an impressive collection of architectural projects, highlighting the latest trends and advancements in the field. From scale models to digital presentations, these displays immerse visitors in a world of visionary designs. Here, today on 08, June 2023 we witness the evolution of urban landscapes, explore sustainable building techniques, and discover groundbreaking concepts that redefine our perception of cities.

3. Collaborative Workshops: IBA DOCK is not just a passive showcase; it actively engages visitors through interactive workshops and design charrettes. These collaborative sessions bring together architects, designers, and urban planners to tackle real-world challenges, brainstorm ideas, and propose innovative solutions. The workshops at IBA DOCK foster interdisciplinary collaboration, nurturing a spirit of cooperation and creativity.

4. Future-oriented Conferences: At IBA DOCK, thought-provoking conferences and symposiums take place, exploring the future of urban development and architectural trends. Experts from around the world gather to share their insights, research, and experiences, shaping the discourse on sustainable cities. These conferences inspire attendees to think critically and envision a more inclusive, environmentally friendly, and socially vibrant urban future.

5. Networking and Idea Exchange: IBA DOCK is a melting pot of ideas, where professionals and enthusiasts can network, forge connections, and find potential collaborators. From casual conversations over a cup of coffee to structured networking events, IBA DOCK cultivates an environment that fosters meaningful connections. These interactions often lead to innovative partnerships, further fueling the advancement of architectural and urban design.

Conclusion: IBA DOCK embodies the spirit of exploration, innovation, and collaboration that drives the architectural and urban design community in Hamburg. With its dynamic exhibitions, interactive workshops, inspiring conferences, and vibrant networking opportunities, IBA DOCK serves as a catalyst for change and progress. By bringing together visionaries and enthusiasts, it fosters a shared vision of sustainable, livable, and aesthetically pleasing urban spaces. Whether you're an architect, a student, or simply someone passionate about the future of cities, a visit to IBA DOCK promises to ignite your imagination and leave you inspired.

at last but not least, On behalf of all my classmates I am really thankful of ELBCAMPUS Management and Organizers especially Mr. Heornicke, Mr. Dolgij and Mrs Gesa von Maydell for such an Interesting class and site visits.

Naeem Nekmal

09, June 2023

Hamburg, Germany

What is Gabion? Its Types, Applications, and Advantages

What is gabion?

Gabion is a welded wire cage or box filled with materials such as stone, concrete, sand, or soil. So, the gabion is a partially flexible block construction used for slope stability and erosion protection in construction. Various types of gabions are constructed and used in different engineering constructions.

Sometimes, live rooting branches may be placed between the rock-filled baskets which improve the durability and stability of the gabion. This article presents a gabion definition, types, applications, and advantages.
Gabion wire mesh properties

Wire mesh used to manufacture the cage of gabion shall pose certain properties otherwise it might not serve its purpose properly. Table 1 provides the desired properties of the gabion wire mesh.

Table-1: Gabion wire mesh properties

Raw material Gabion wire mesh properties
Technical properties Unit Descriptions Tolerances
Mesh mm 50×70, 60×80, 80×100, and 100×120 —
Maximum wire thickness mm 2-5 0.05
Amount of covering gr/m2 30-300 5
Tensile strength MPa 350-2000 2
Elongation (25cm long) — 10% —
Zinc coating strength Turns 5 Shall not break or crack



Fig. 1: Wire mesh boxes for gabions

Types of Gabions

There is a number of gabion configurations that can be selected based on their cost and function. Common types of Gabion are as follows:
1. Gabion baskets
It is a net wire mesh that produced in box-shaped and in different sizes.
Used in highway and railway works.
It would be economical unless filling materials are not available from quarries near the project site.

Fig.2: Basket gabion

2. Gabion mattresses
Gabion mattresses, also known as reno mattresses.

Gabion mattress's height is shorter than the other types of measurements as it might be observed from Fig. 3.
It is employed in the channel coating for preventing erosion. So, it tackles wave and erosion induced velocity.
The common size, 6 m long by 2 m wide by 0,3 m high.

Fig. 3: Gabion mattress

3. Gabion sacks
This type of gabions is formed quickly.
It has a porous and flexible structure.
Gabion sacks are usually used in hydraulic works in emergency conditions.


Fig. 4: Gabion sacks

4. Gabion wire mesh
It is utilized to keep the possible rock and stone fall on the highway and railway surfaces.
Gabion wire mesh maintains the stability of the slope close to the highway and railways.
It is applied for anti-erosion to the slope.
It enhances embankment soil strength in combination with geogrid reinforcement.

Fig. 5: Gabion wire mesh used to prevent rockfall from highway slopes

5. Decorative Gabion Elements
It is used indoor and outdoor decoration, garden design and landscaping.
Gabion elements offer a suitable environment for the growth of plant roots


Fig. 6: Decorative gabion elements

Applications of gabions

Gabions are used in several engineering projects and serve various purposes. common applications of gabions are as follows:
Retaining structures such as retaining walls (Fig. 7), revetment and toe walls to embankments and cuttings.
Corrosion prevention structures, for instance, sea walls, riverbank defenses, canal banks (Fig. 8), dams, weirs, groins and for the protection of reservoirs and lakesides.
cylindrical metal gabion is used for dams or in foundation construction.
It is employed as a noise barrier.
Gabions are also used as temporary floodwalls.
It is utilized to change the direction of the force of floodwater around the weak structure
Stepped gabions improve energy dissipation in channels.
Finally, it is used for aesthetic purposes

Fig. 7: Gabion retaining wall for road embankment



Fig. 8: Gabion mattresses used for covering channels to prevent erosion



Fig. 9: Use of gabions in landscaping



Fig. 10: Gabions used for aesthetic purpose

Advantages of gabions

1. Durability


Gabion has a very high resistance to atmospheric corrosion because of the well-bonded zinc coating on the wire and its ability to support vegetation growth.

2. Flexibility

This feature permits the gabion to settle and deform without failure and loss of efficiency. Specifically, when unstable ground and moving water are encountered.

3. Permeability

It provides automatic and easy drainage which eliminates the need for the installation of drainage pipes.

4. Strength

Gabions are satisfactory strong that is it is capable of resisting flood force, torrential force, and ice and earth pressure.

5. Economical

It is more economical in terms of both material and labor in comparison with other gabion alternatives.

6. Environmentally friendly

Recycled materials can be placed into the gabion cage. The gaps in the soil between filling materials allow the plantation to grow over time. Gabion elements are not affected by natural phenomena.